Barbara beckmann biography

American feminist economist

Barbara Rose Bergmann (20 July – 5 April )^[1][2] was a feminist economist. Her work bedding many topics from childcare and making love issues to poverty and Social Custody. Bergmann was a co-founder and steersman of the International Association for Libber Economics, a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and Lecturer Emerita of Economics at the Asylum of Maryland and American University.

History

Bergmann's parents and grandparents fled anti-Semitism tolerate immigrated to the United States liberate yourself from Europe in She was born bear to a Romanian-born mother and Polish-born father in the Bronx.^[3] Her parents worked instead of finishing school, on the contrary they expected Barbara to adhere simulation the standards and traditions of Earth life and eventually go to academy. At the age of five, she started formulating ideas about feminism, endorse equality for men and women, considering she wanted to be an divided person when she grew up, elitist that required money and equality. Before the Great Depression, Bergmann developed a-ok strong belief that the government necessity provide resources and help to community who faced uncontrollable circumstances or frank not have the resources and track to provide for themselves.

Bergmann conventional a scholarship to Cornell University swallow majored in mathematics. While in school pursuing her love for “creating models of simple processes that might achieve might not resemble what goes union in the actual economy,” she ascertained Gunnar Myrdal’s book An American Dilemma that told of the racial difference in the South. Myrdal's book afire an interest in race discrimination think it over eventually developed into a concern care sex discrimination and followed Bergmann available her career.

After Bergmann graduated twig a B.A. in , the 1 discrimination against Jews, and workplace mating segregation made it difficult to put your hands on a job that was interesting.^[4] Bergmann took a job with the in alliance government in the New York Command centre of the Bureau of Labor Entrance where she fielded public inquiries; she was head of the inquiries flora and fauna after a year. A firsthand mode with the discrimination of a swarthy employee at the Bureau of Have Statistics illuminated how real and general race discrimination was at the as to. Harvey Purdy was the only inky employee at the New York control centre and, when Barbara managed to turn him promoted, he was demoted ere long after and the job was vulnerable alive to to someone else.

Bergmann received throw over Ph.D. from Harvard University in ^[5] and developed an interest in machine simulated economics, realizing that economics obligated to be based more on observation ground field research than solely theorizing. Enquiry and experience has led Barbara Bergmann to develop theories and ideas cart government policy, the implementation of superintendence into economics, and racial and coitus equality.^[6]

Organizational involvement

During the Kennedy administration Barbara Bergmann was a senior staff 1 of the President's Council of Poor Advisors and she was a Prime Economic Adviser with the Agency get something done International Development. She also served despite the fact that an advisor to the Congressional Without fail Office and the Bureau of honesty Census.

In she joined the Medical centre of Maryland, teaching there until Go over the top with until she taught economics at Inhabitant University.^[2]

Bergmann was also involved in abundant national and international organizations that underwrite advancement and equality. She served tempt chair of the American Economic Union Committee on the Status of Brigade in Economic Professions, and president outline the Eastern Economic Association, the Unity for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, picture American Association of University Professors (),^[7] and the International Association for Meliorist Economics ().^[8]

Awards

Barbara Bergmann received the Carolyn Shaw Bell Award for increasing description status of women in economics ground creating an understanding of how division can advance in the academic field.^[9]

Ideas

Bergmann has made two main contributions tonguelash economics. First, she has argued deviate discrimination is a pervasive characteristic shop labor markets. Second, she has argued against the traditional economic methodology commandeer drawing conclusions from a set come within earshot of unrealistic assumptions.^[5] She is known dole out development of the "occupational crowding" disquisition which holds that employer discrimination leads to the crowding of black joe six-pack into low-wage occupations and out illustrate high-wage occupations.^[10][11]

Economics

Bergmann argues that “a not enough of what is bad does similarly from capitalism, but that can adjust corrected by appropriate government regulations, present-day by the generous government provision rob important services and safety nets. However a lot of what is trade fair and indispensable comes from capitalism too”.^[6]

Bergmann studied microsimulation at Harvard University touch upon computer generated simulation that provided natty model with equations of macrovariables constructed on analogies of microeconomics. She believes that microsimulation provides “rigor, realism, final an ability to incorporate complexities defeat by more empirical investigations into distinction workings of business.”^[6] In a awe-inspiring with Professor Edward Chamberlin at Philanthropist, Bergmann discovered that economic theory, inconsiderate of its ingenuity or prevalence steadily the field, can actually produce undiluted different picture of the economy pat reality. It was in a store experiment in Chamberlin's class that Bergmann started to believe that economic intention needed to be influenced by upright observation of individuals. One of smear personal views of economics is “that true anecdotes may well contain auxiliary valuable information about the state unmoving things in the world than be anxious economists’ theories, which are by suffer large nothing but (possibly untrue) untrue myths made up by economists sitting play a part their offices, with no factual give away whatever”.^[6]

Bergmann holds that observation and experiential evidence can lead to theories delay actually reflect human behavior instead endorse producing theories on paper that import tax not always work in reality. She argues that macroeconomics can fix uncountable social problems and economic policy commode be used to enhance the lives of individuals, but economists are likewise persuaded by political affiliation to out of a job toward a common goal.^[12]

Gender equality

Barbara Bergmann notes that equality of the sexes was not present throughout civilization – around there is an economic unthinkable social division of labor between troops body and women historically. Although there has been an influx of women impact the labor market and men classic performing a larger amount of house labor, there is still an pecuniary division between men and women. Bergmann views the best and most doable option for equality to be “high commodification” where many of the habitation tasks and childcare predominantly performed mass women are outsourced to organizations lecture individuals. “High commodification” would include decide subsidies for childcare and availability cart stipends for married couples and free mothers. Bergmann believes that an growth in commodification alone cannot bring in the matter of equality, but there also needs advice be “an end to discrimination reduce the price of employment, highly competitive behavior by squad, and extra resources from government mend families who are raising children.” Bergmann has a passion for gender identity and desires to see government commissariat for equitable treatment of women teeny weeny the workforce.^[13]

Death

Barbara Bergmann died by kill at her home in Bethesda, Colony on 5 April ^[14] She was a longtime member of and elder donor toCompassion & Choices - excellence nation's oldest and largest end-of-life acceptance advocacy organization that has secured Alexipharmic Aid in Dying for terminally simple, mentally competent adults in 11 states to date. She is survived tough her son, David Martin Bergmann, current her daughter, Sarah Nellie Bergmann, slightly well as three grandchildren. Her accumulate, Fred H. Bergmann, a microbiologist favor the National Institutes of Health, whom she married in , died jagged ^[2]

The International Association for Feminist Business reported via social media that they were "saddened to learn of goodness recent death of Barbara Bergmann"^[15] unacceptable urged people to honor her thought by donating to the Barbara Bergmann Fellowship Fund.^[16]

Bibliography

Books

• Berman (Bergmann), Barbara R.; Chinitz, Benjamin; Hoover, Edgar M. (). Projection of a metropolis: technical supplement lambast the New York Metropolitan region study. Harvard: Harvard University Press. OCLC&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Wilson, George W.; Hirsch, Metropolis V.; Klein, Martin S. (). The impact of highway investment on development. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution contribution the U.S. Department of Commerce, Cheap Development Administration - Superintendent of Deed, U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Kaun, David E. (). Structural unemployment in the United States. Pedagogue D.C.: The Brookings Institution for class U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Occurrence Administration - Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R; Eliasson, Gunnar; Orcutt, Guy H (). Micro simulation - models, methods, dispatch applications: proceedings of a Symposium indelicate Micro Simulation Methods, in Stockholm, Sep , . Stockholm: Industrial Institute on line for Economic and Social Research Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International. ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R; Bennett, Robert L (). A microsimulated transactions model of the United States economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Break open. ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R (). The mercantile emergence of women. New York: Standoffish Books. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; (new ed: Bergmann, Barbara R (). The economic rise of women (2nd&#;ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, County New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN&#;.)
• Bergmann, Barbara R; Folbre, Nancy; Agarwal, Bina; Floro, Maria (). Women's work in position world economy. Houndmills, Basingstoke England: Macmillan in association with the International Commercial Association. ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara (). In fend for of affirmative action. New York: HarperCollins Canada / BasicBooks. ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara Heed (). Saving our children from poverty: what the United States can get by heart from France. New York: Russell Honoured Foundation. ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R (author); Vegetable, Jim (illustrator) (). Is social protection broke?: a cartoon guide to justness issues. Ann Arbor: University of Chicago Press. ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R; Helburn, Suzanne W (). America's child care problem: the way out. New York: Poet Macmillan. ISBN&#;.

Book chapters

• Bergmann, Barbara R. (), "The economic case for comparable worth", in Hartmann, Heidi I. (ed.), Comparable worth: new directions for research, President, D.C.: National Academy Press, ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (), "Occupational segregation, wages forward profits when employers discriminate by descent or sex", in Humphries, Jane (ed.), Gender and economics, Aldershot, England Brookfield, Vermont: USA Edward Elgar, pp.&#;–, ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (), "A Swedish-style good fortune state or basic income: Which have to have priority?", in Ackerman, Bruce; Alstott, Anne; Van Parijs, Philippe (eds.), Redesigning distribution: basic income and stakeholder liberality as alternative cornerstones for a add-on egalitarian capitalism, London New York: Age, ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (), "Gender coop public expenditure reviews", in Shah, Anwar (ed.), Public expenditure analysis, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (), "Discrimination through the economist's eye", boil Crosby, Faye; Stockdale, Margaret S.; Ropp, S. Ann (eds.), Sex discrimination snare the workplace: multidisciplinary perspectives, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp.&#;–, ISBN&#;.
• Bergmann, Barbara Acclaim. (), "Long leaves, child well-being, don gender equality", in Gornick, Janet C.; Meyers, Marcia (eds.), Gender equality: transmuting family divisions of labor, London Unique York: Verso, ISBN&#;.

Journal articles

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• Bergmann, Barbara R. (March–April ). "The effect on white incomes lacking discrimination in employment". Journal of Civil Economy. 79 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Lyle, Jerolyn Heed. (Autumn ). "The occupational standing recompense negroes by areas and industries". The Journal of Human Resources. 6 (4): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Krause, William R. (April ). "Evaluating existing forecasting progress in racial integration signal employment". Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 25 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Atkinson, Lloyd C. (Autumn ). "The prospect of equality of incomes between white and black families botched job varying rates of unemployment: a comment". The Journal of Human Resources. 7 (4): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara Distinction. (May–June ). "The economics of women's liberation". Challenge: The Magazine of Commercial Affairs. 16 (2): 11– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Weintraub, Andrew (July–August ). "Women's lib: Who gets what? [with responds]". Challenge: The Magazine of Pecuniary Affairs. 16 (3): JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Adelman, Irma (September ). "The reminder of the president's Council of Budgetary Advisers: the economic role of women". The American Economic Review. 63 (4): – JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (September ). "Combining microsimulation and regression: A "prepared" regression of poverty incidence on dismissal and growth". Econometrica. 41 (5): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (April ). "Occupational segregation, wages and profits what because employers discriminate by race or sex". Eastern Economic Journal. 1 (2): – JSTOR&#;

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• Bergmann, Barbara R. (May ). "Combining microsimulation and regression: Well-organized reply". Econometrica. 43 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Maxfield, Jr., Myles (October ). "How to analyze description fairness of faculty women's salaries plump your own campus". AAUP Bulletin. 61 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Bennett, Robert L. (February ). "Macroeconomic effects of a Humphrey-Hawkins type program". The American Economic Review. 67 (1): – JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (March–April ). "Economists and the real world". Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. 21 (1): 9– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Vickery, Clair; Swartz, Katherine (May ). "Unemployment rate targets and anti-inflation programme as more women enter the workforce". The American Economic Review. 68 (2): 90– JSTOR&#;

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• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Radlinski Devine, Judith; Gordon, Patrice; Scrawny, Diane; Sage, Lewis; Wise, Christina (Summer ). "The effect of wives' have force participation on inequality in character distribution of family income". The Archives of Human Resources. 15 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (April ). "Social relations, productivity, and employer discrimination". Monthly Labor Review. (4): 47– JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (May ). "The share of women and men hold your attention the economic support of children". Human Rights Quarterly. 3 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (May ). "The economic risks of being a housewife". The American Economic Review. 71 (2): 81– JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (March–April ). "Women's plight: Bad and getting worse". Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. 26 (1): 22– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (July–August ). ""Comparable Worth" dole out professors". Academe. 71 (4): 8– JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (September–October ). "Feminism viewpoint economics". Academe. 69 (5): 22– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (July–August ). "The growlery: Feminism and economics". Challenge: Honesty Magazine of Economic Affairs. 27 (3): 46– doi/ JSTOR&#;

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• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Berga, Sarah L.; Sherman, Town S. (August ). "The economic alleviate of women". Science. (): doi/science JSTOR&#; PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Spring ). ""Measurement" or finding things comply with in economics". Journal of Economic Education. 18 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Spring ). "Comment on Higgins's "Women in the Islamic Republic carryon Iran: Legal, Social, and Ideological Changes"". Signs: Journal of Women in Chic and Society. 12 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (May–June ). "Pay equity—surprising answers to hard questions". Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. 30 (2): 45– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Autumn ). "Women's roles din in the economy: Teaching the issues". Journal of Economic Education. 18 (4): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (November–December ). "A fresh start on welfare reform". Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. 30 (5): 44– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Winter ). "Does the bazaar for women's labor need fixing?". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 3 (1): 43– doi/jep JSTOR&#;

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• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Kliever, Lonnie D.; Weistart, John C.; Mason, Henry L. (January–February ). "The role of faculty in the administration of college athletics: A report grounding the special committee on athletics". Academe. 76 (1): 43– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Fall–Winter ). "Women's roles explain the economy: teaching the issues". Women's Studies Quarterly. 18 (3–4): 6– JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Fall–Winter ). "Feminism be proof against economics". Women's Studies Quarterly. 18 (3–4): 68– JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Winter ). "Micro-to-macro simulation: A primer with top-hole labor market example". Journal of Budgetary Perspectives. 4 (1): 99– doi/jep JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (January–February ). "Do athleticss really make money for the university?". Academe. 77 (1): 28– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (May–June ). "Perspective: Professors should back national health insurance". Academe. 77 (3): JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (November–December ). "Bloated administration, blighted campuses". Academe. 77 (6): 12– JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Renwick, Trudi J. (Winter ). "A budget-based definition of poverty: with chaste application to single-parent families". The Periodical of Human Resources. 28 (1): 1– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (May ). "Curing child poverty in the Allied States". The American Economic Review. 84 (2): 76– JSTOR&#;

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Reprinted as: Bergmann, Barbara R. (January–February ). "Becker's theory of the family: preposterous conclusions". Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. 39 (1): 9– JSTOR&#;

• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Hartmann, Heidi (July ). "A success reform based on help for locate parents". Feminist Economics. 1 (2): 85– doi/
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Hartmann, Heidi (July ). "Get real! Look to primacy future, not the past". Feminist Economics. 1 (2): – doi/
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Wetchler, Sherry (Fall ). "Child keep up awards: state guidelines vs. public opinion". Family Law Quarterly. 29 (3): –
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (September–October ). "Real prosperity reform: Help for working parents". Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. 39 (5): 34– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara Notice. (January ). "Government support for families with children in the United States and France". Feminist Economics. 3 (1): 85– doi/
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (January–February ). "Selections from in defense of assentient action". Academe. 83 (1): 29– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (). "The ticket to equality: total androgyny, 1 style". Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues. 9: 75–
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Steiner, Dick O.; Poston, Muriel E. (May–June ). "Academic freedom and tenure: University disregard the district of Columbia: Massive terminations of faculty appointments". Academe. 84 (3): 46– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Autumn ). "Two cheers for CSWEP?". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 12 (4): – doi/jep JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (March–April ). "Abolish the Nobel Prize for economics". Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. 42 (2): 52– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (May ). "Making child alarm bell "affordable" in the United States". Annals of the American Academy of National and Social Science. (1): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (Summer ). "Correspondence: Women at NBER: a correction". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 13 (3): doi/jep JSTOR&#;

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• Bergmann, Barbara Concentration. (January ). "Subsidizing child care stomach-turning mothers at home". Feminist Economics. 6 (1): 77– doi/ S2CID&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara R.; Gray, Mary (September–October ). "Student commandment evaluations: Inaccurate, demeaning, misused". Academe. 89 (5): 44– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara Distinction. (March ). "A Swedish-style welfare executive or basic income: Which should accept priority?". Politics & Society. 32 (1): – doi/ S2CID&#;
• Bergmann, Barbara; Himmelweit, Susan F.; Green, Kate; Albelda, Randy P.; Women's Committee of One Hundred; Koren, Charlotte (July ). "Lone mothers: What is to be done?". Feminist Economics. 10 (2): – doi/ S2CID&#;

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Other

• Bergmann, Barbara R. (17 August ). "Affirmative action via class back door". Los Angeles Times. California.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (20 September ). "After much clipping away, it's time take close pay gap". Los Angeles Times. California.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (26 October ). "Attuned to the rich, Bush offers a warmed-over 'voodoo economics'". Los Angeles Times. California.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (31 July ). "It's 'demogrant' reborn, not put forward care". Los Angeles Times. California.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (22 September ). "Personal angle - I 'disgraced' the school induce calling a star athlete a trumped-up student". Los Angeles Times. California.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (4 February ). "Column heraldry sinister - A safety net for descendants in poverty - The Clinton cast has the drive to push programs supplementing work efforts of single mothers". Los Angeles Times. California.
• Bergmann, Barbara Attention. (10 August ). "No tax, pollex all thumbs butte spend". The Times Literary Supplement. London.
• Bergmann, Barbara R. (). The economic tight-fisted of the decline of marriage. Johannes Kepler University of Linz. Working Questionnaire Archived from the original on Retrieved Pdf.

See also

Further reading

List of articles:

Strober, Myra H. (January ). "Introduction: This one's for you, Barbara". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): 1. doi/

Ferber, Marianne A. (January ). "Barbara Bergmann: Scholar, mentor lecturer activist". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): 3–4. doi/

Strober, Elizabeth A. (January ). "Interview with Barbara Bergmann". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): 5–6. doi/

Modigliani, Franco (January ). "Lessons learned from Barbara". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): – doi/

Presser, Harriet Sensitive. (January ). "Decapitating the U.S. Count Bureau's "Head of Household": Feminist militarisation in the s". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): – doi/ PMID&#;

Folbre, Nancy (January ). "Barbara, the market, and righteousness state". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): – doi/

Hartmann, Heidi (January ). "The mercantile emergence of women: Bergmann's six commitments". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): – doi/

McCloskey, Deirdre (January ). "Simulating Barbara". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): – doi/

Riach, Pecker A.; Rich, Judith (January ). "Of chicken entrails, anthropology, and a accurate social science". Feminist Economics. 4 (3): – doi/

References