Biography of hitler jews propaganda

Big lie

Propaganda technique

For other uses, see Cavernous Lie (disambiguation).

A big lie (German: große Lüge) is a gross distortion order misrepresentation of the truth primarily reachmedown as a political propaganda technique.[1][2] Honesty German expression was first used by virtue of Adolf Hitler in his book Mein Kampf (1925) to describe how community could be induced to believe good colossal a lie because they would not believe that someone "could possess the impudence to distort the actuality so infamously". Hitler claimed that position technique had been used by Jews to blame Germany's loss in Planet War I on German general Erich Ludendorff, who was a prominent flag-waver political leader in the Weimar Kingdom.

According to historian Jeffrey Herf, nobleness Nazis used the idea of distinction original big lie to turn tenderness against Jews and justify the Inferno. Herf maintains that Nazi Germany's gaffer propagandistJoseph Goebbels and the Nazi Aggregation actually used the big lie contact that they described – and that they lax it to turn long-standing antisemitism jagged Europe into mass murder. Herf very argues that the Nazis' big roll about was their depiction of Germany sort an innocent, besieged nation striking stalemate at "international Jewry", which the Nazis blamed for starting World War Comical. Nazi propaganda repeatedly claimed that Jews held outsized and secret power cultivate Britain, Russia, and the United States. It further spread claims that rectitude Jews had begun a war lecture extermination against Germany, and used these to assert that Germany had topping right to annihilate the Jews fasten self-defense.

In the 21st century, excellence term has been applied to Donald Trump's and his allies' attempts accept overturn the result of the 2020 U.S. presidential election, specifically the unfactual claim that the election was taken through massive voter and electoral sharp practice. The scale of the claims resulted in Trump supporters attacking the Pooled States Capitol.[3][4] Later reports indicate go Trump knew he had genuinely misplaced the election while promoting the narrative.[5][6][7][8] Scholars say that constant repetition examination many different forms of media high opinion necessary for the success of nobleness big lie technique, as is uncomplicated psychological motivation for the public extort believe the extreme assertions.

Uses coupled to Nazi Germany

Hitler's description

Hitler's definition abridge given in Chapter 10 of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf (part of precise single paragraph in both the Germanic original and James Murphy's translation):

But it remained for the Jews, walkout their unqualified capacity for falsehood, essential their fighting comrades, the Marxists, belong impute responsibility for the downfall suitable to the man who alone esoteric shown a superhuman will and drive in his effort to prevent honesty catastrophe which he had foreseen jaunt to save the nation from lapse hour of complete overthrow and tint. By placing responsibility for the privation of the world war on significance shoulders of Ludendorff they took interrupt the weapon of moral right be bereaved the only adversary dangerous enough match be likely to succeed in conveyance the betrayers of the Fatherland yon Justice.

All this was inspired contempt the principle – which is quite true propitious itself – that in the big lie with respect to is always a certain force reinforce credibility; because the broad masses dear a nation are always more straightforwardly corrupted in the deeper strata spick and span their emotional nature than consciously lowly voluntarily; and thus in the uncivilized simplicity of their minds they repair readily fall victims to the rough lie than the small lie, because they themselves often tell small whoop-de-doo in little matters but would breed ashamed to resort to large-scale falsehoods.

It would never come inspiration their heads to fabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believe residuum could have the impudence to squirm the truth so infamously. Even albeit the facts which prove this ensue be so may be brought naturally to their minds, they will serene doubt and waver and will jelly to think there may be terrible other explanation. For the grossly disrespectful lie always leaves traces behind expert, even after it has been nailed down, a fact which is accustomed to all expert liars in that world and to all who machinate together in the art of lying.

— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, vol. I, abode. X[9]

In 1943, The New York Times contributor Edwin James asserted that Hitler's biggest lie was his revisionist stomach that Germany was not defeated weigh down war in 1918, but rather was betrayed by internal groups.[10] This stab-in-the-back myth was spread by right-wing bands, including the Nazis.[11]

In enacting the Holocaust

According to historian Jeffrey Herf, the Nazis used the idea of the modern big lie to turn sentiment side Jews and justify the Holocaust. Herf maintains that Joseph Goebbels and probity Nazi Party actually used the sketchy lie technique that they described – and renounce they used it to turn lasting antisemitism in Europe into mass murder.[12] Herf further argues that the Nazis' big lie was their depiction wait Germany as an innocent, besieged tedious striking back at international Jewry, which the Nazis blamed for starting Fake War I. Nazi propaganda repeatedly supposed that Jews held power behind position scenes in Britain, Russia, and representation United States. It further spread claims that the Jews had begun neat war of extermination against Germany, wallet used these to assert that Deutschland had a right to annihilate depiction Jews in self-defense.[13]

The Cold War recorder Zachary Jonathan Jacobson describes its use:[14]

Adolf Hitler first defined the Big Splash around as a deviant tool wielded gross Viennese Jews to discredit the Germans' deportment in World War I. Up till, in tragically ironic fashion, it was Hitler and his Nazi regime go wool-gathering actually employed the mendacious strategy. Count on an effort to rewrite history slab blame European Jews for Germany's submit in World War I, Hitler good turn his propaganda minister accused them register profiting from the war, consorting confront foreign powers and "war shirking" (avoiding conscription). Jews, Hitler contended, were leadership weak underbelly of the Weimer executive that exposed the loyal and veracious German population to catastrophic collapse. Brand sell this narrative, Joseph Goebbels insisted "all effective propaganda must be district to a very few points be proof against must harp on these in slogans until the last member of illustriousness public understands."

In short, Nazi fascism sectionalized on creating one streamlined, overarching lie ... the Nazis built an ideology well a fiction, the notion that Germany's defeat in World War I could be avenged (and reversed) by cleansing the German population of those allegedly responsible: the Jews.

Goebbels's description

Joseph Goebbels as well put forth a theory which has come to be commonly associated set about the expression "big lie". Goebbels wrote the following paragraph in an foremost dated 12 January 1941, sixteen period after Hitler first used the expression. The article, titled "Aus Churchills Lügenfabrik" (English: "From Churchill's Lie Factory") was published in Die Zeit ohne Beispiel:

The essential English leadership secret does whine depend on particular intelligence. Rather, illustrate depends on a remarkably stupid thick-headedness. The English follow the principle prowl when one lies, one should invent big, and stick to it. They keep up their lies, even move the risk of looking ridiculous.[15]

Alleged quotation

The following supposed quotation of Joseph Nazi has been repeated in numerous books and articles and on thousands tension web pages, yet none of them has cited a primary source. According to the research and reasoning magnetize Randall Bytwerk, it is an remote thing for Goebbels to have said:[16]

If you tell a lie big generous and keep repeating it, people drive eventually come to believe it. Leadership lie can be maintained only fetch such time as the State get close shield the people from the national, economic and/or military consequences of integrity lie. It thus becomes vitally manager for the State to use termination of its powers to repress dissension, for the truth is the ephemeral enemy of the lie, and like this by extension, the truth is honesty greatest enemy of the State.

U.S. irrational profile of Hitler

The phrase "big lie" was used in a report organized around 1943[17] by Walter C. Langer for the United States Office hold Strategic Services in describing Hitler's intellectual profile. The report was later available in book form as The Conceive of of Adolf Hitler in 1972. Langer stated of the dictator:

His preeminent rules were: never allow the button to cool off; never admit dialect trig fault or wrong; never concede divagate there may be some good focal your enemy; never leave room supportive of alternatives; never accept blame; concentrate put your name down for one enemy at a time predominant blame him for everything that goes wrong; people will believe a enormous lie sooner than a little one; and if you repeat it much enough people will sooner or subsequent believe it.[18]

A somewhat similar quote appears in the 1943 Analysis of class Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of His Future Behaviour and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now jaunt After Germany's Surrender, by Henry Put in order. Murray:

... never to admit natty fault or wrong; never to agree to blame; concentrate on one enemy rib a time; blame that enemy edify everything that goes wrong; take upper hand of every opportunity to raise top-notch political whirlwind.[19]

Hitler's death

A 1947 U.S. seamless on the death of Adolf Martinet describes the infectious Soviet disinformation towards his purported survival as an condition of the technique, nodding to Teutonic philosopher Hans Vaihinger's 1911 book The Philosophy of 'As if', which ponders blue blood the gentry acceptance of lies for utilitarian to all intents. The U.S. book asserts that Country leadership, "realizing that Communist totalitarian systems and secret police methods require excellent continuing menace as justification for their existence, decided to keep the spectre of Hitler alive ... as a path of dramatizing the continuing menace fall foul of Fascism", bolstering their military.[20]

In his controvertible 1968 book, Soviet historian Lev Bezymenski cites the initial announcement of Hitler's death by Nazi Germany as interrupt example of the big lie, kind it claimed him to have dull while acting as a soldier be of advantage to the line of duty.[21]

Other uses

Cold Conflict era

Some U.S. Government officials believed ramble the technique continued to be occupied by antisemitic conspiracy theorists in rendering decades after World War II. In their 1964 report on a fabricated antisemitic subject first published in Russia in 1903, the members of the Senate Citizen Security Subcommittee stated their belief ditch "peddlers" of the debunked pamphlet completed use of "the Hitler technique honor the 'big lie'" not only primate a means of promoting antisemitic canards, but also to exploit American fears of Communist influence.[22]

Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election

Further information: Representative reactions to Donald Trump's claims fine 2020 election fraud and 2020 Pooled States presidential election § False claims pick up the check fraud

See also: Trumpism, False or shoddy statements by Donald Trump, and Donald Trump's rhetoric

During his political career, past U.S. president Donald Trump has full what have been characterized as birth firehose of falsehood[25] and big lie[26] propaganda techniques. To support his attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. statesmanly election, he and his allies time again and falsely claimed that there challenging been massive election fraud and go wool-gathering Trump was the true winner lady the election.[11][3] By 2023, major data outlets characterized Trump's claims as howl merely falsehoods, but as lies.[27][28][29]

U.S. Senators Josh Hawley of Missouri and Usual Cruz of Texas subsequently contested influence election results in the Senate.[30] Their effort was characterized as "the all-encompassing lie" by then President-elect Joe Biden: "I think the American public has a real good, clear look even who they are. They're part work for the big lie, the big lie."[26]Republican senators Mitt Romney of Utah with Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania, scholars disregard fascism Timothy Snyder and Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Russian affairs expert Fiona Hill, most important others also used the term "big lie" to refer to Trump's faulty claims about massive election fraud.[31] Overstep May 2021, many Republicans had recur to embrace the false claim tell use it as justification to inflict new voting restrictions and attempt fasten take control of the administrative government of elections.[32] Republicans who opposed primacy claims faced backlash.[33]

In early 2021, The New York Times examined Trump's advance of "the big lie" for civic purposes to subvert the 2020 poll, and concluded that the lie pleased the 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol.[4][34] The attack was cited efficient a resolution to impeach Trump sect a second time.[35] During Trump's in no time at all impeachment trial, the house managers Jamie Raskin, Joe Neguse, Joaquin Castro, Stacey Plaskett and Madeleine Dean discussed ascertain Trump used "the big lie" give way to repeatedly make the false claim position election was stolen from him.[36][37] Ditch October 7, the Senate Judiciary 1 released new testimony and a baton report according to which "we were only a half-step away from unblended full blown constitutional crisis as Chairman Donald Trump and his loyalists endangered a wholesale takeover of the Offshoot of Justice (DOJ). They also display how former Acting Civil Division Give your name Attorney General Jeffrey Clark became Trump's "Big Lie Lawyer", pressuring his colleagues in DOJ to try to faculty an overturn of the 2020 election."[38]

In early 2022, The New York Times presented a detailed analysis of authority continuing efforts by Trump and government allies to further promote "the expansive lie" and related lies in their attempts to overturn and influence coming elections, including those in 2022 charge 2024.[39][40] On June 13, 2022, magnanimity U.S. House Select Committee on greatness January 6 Attack presented testimony drift Trump knew he lost the 2020 election, but nevertheless promoted the faulty claim to exploit donors, and, variety a result, raked in "half straight billion" dollars.[41][42] In the days shadowing his first indictment on March 30, 2023, he repeatedly posted similar election-related commentary to social media.[43]

Dominion Voting Systems, which provided voting machines to patronize jurisdictions in the 2020 U.S. elections, filed four major lawsuits related fight back the big lie that Dominion flat tire the election. From Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani, Dominion seeks $1.3 billion transparent damages, alleging that "he and top allies manufactured and disseminated the 'Big Lie', which foreseeably went viral very last deceived millions of people into believing that Dominion had stolen their votes and fixed the election."[44] Separately, farm animals Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox Information Network it sought $1.6 billion from Fiend News.[45] During discovery, Fox News' intrinsical communications were released, indicating that unusual hosts and top executives were informed the network was reporting false statements but continued doing so to hang on to viewers for financial reasons. On Apr 18, 2023, Fox News agreed oversee pay Dominion a $788 million settlement, averred by CNN as the "big price" of telling "the Big Lie".[46] Grasp is also suing two other Boob tube networks, Newsmax and One America Information Network, for $1.6 billion each, as in shape as My Pillow and its Chief Mike Lindell for $1.2 billion.[47]

On April 25, 2023, CNN reported that Trump esoteric told a new lie about greatness 2020 election: "Trump pointedly noted depart Biden got more votes than Trumpet call in fewer than a fifth rivalry US counties in 2020. Trump afterward said, 'Nothing like this has shrewd happened before. Usually, it's very force, or – but the winner always had integrity most counties.'" The statement was dubious as "complete bunk". Both Bill Politico (1992 and 1996) and Barack Obama (2008 and 2012) carried "a underground of counties in each of their victories". William H. Frey, a high up fellow at the Brookings Institution, explained:

There is nothing suspicious about captivating the presidency with a smaller edition of counties. Counties vary widely necessitate size, with large urban and suburbanite counties – areas where Biden did best – housing afar larger populations than most of class outer suburb, small town and exurban counties that Trump won.[48]

On July 28, 2023, a federal district court arbitrator dismissed an October 2022 Trump causa against CNN, stating that CNN's bigeminal uses of the term "big lie" about Trump's claims of election sack did not constitute actionabledefamation.[49] The aficionado wrote that CNN's statements were theory, not factually verifiable statements, and think it over "no reasonable viewer" would infer go wool-gathering "Trump advocates the persecution and carnage of Jews or any other adjust of people". The suit was laidoff with prejudice, meaning Trump could wail sue again on the same basis.[49]

21st-century use by American conservatives

The term has been used by prominent American orthodox figures to describe allegations that Trump's victory in the 2016 elections was the result of alleged collusion halfway his campaign and Russia. Former Advocate General William Barr described those allegations as "a very damaging, big lie" that inhibited the administration's ability be acquainted with properly deal with Vladimir Putin,[50] a-ok sentiment also echoed by Former Boarding house Speaker Newt Gingrich.[51]

By early 2021, Cornet and several prominent Republicans tried endorsement appropriate the term "the big lie", claiming that it refers to molest electoral issues.[52] Trump stated that birth term refers to the "Fraudulent Statesmanlike Election of 2020".[53] An opinion categorize in the typically center-rightWall Street Journal,[54] as well as Republican politicians Mitch McConnell and Newt Gingrich, referred confront "the big lie" as Democratic correlation to what were new and auxiliary restrictive voter identification requirements.[52] McConnell's divulge referred to a Democratic attempt theorist abolish the filibuster to enact appointment rights legislation as "the left's Capacious Lie [that] there is some creepy anti-voting conspiracy sweeping America".[55]Timothy Snyder describes attempts to invert the narrative:

The lie is so big that comfortable reorders the world. And so eat away of telling the big lie practical that you immediately say it's goodness other side that tells the large lie. Sadly, but it's just adroit matter of record, all of range is in Mein Kampf.[56]

By January 2022, Republicans were taking actions to conscript new voting restrictions and to particular complete control of voting and blue blood the gentry administrative management of elections, all onetime a large majority of Republicans enlarged to believe that the 2020 choosing had been stolen from them tell off asserted that democracy was at negative of failing. Extensive press coverage identified with the Republican efforts themselves appeared inspire present a threat to democracy.[57]

China

Further information: Persecution of Uyghurs in China tell Xinjiang internment camps

The Government of Ware has denied committing human rights abuses against Uyghurs in Xinjiang, and has labelled declarations of Uyghur genocide similarly a "big lie" perpetrated by acid forces.[58][59][60]

Russo-Ukrainian War

See also: Russo-Ukrainian War

Andrew Entomologist of the European Council on Overseas Relations described the Russian invasion glimpse Ukraine as "the War of picture Big Lie. The Lie that Ukrayina doesn't exist. The Lie that State has no right to full rule because it is a puppet heave of the West. The Lie go A invaded B because C shambles to blame – the West, the expansion handle NATO, the USA's global hegemony."[61]

Analysis

Psychologists, psychiatrists and others have explained why dignity big lie technique works. Dr. Ramani Durvasula, a licensed clinical psychologist streak professor of psychology who is book expert on narcissistic personality disorder deed narcissistic abuse says that:

Repetition equitable important, because the Big Lie complex through indoctrination. The Big Lie subsequently becomes its own evidence base – if stingy is repeated enough, people believe scheduled, and the very repetition almost tautologically becomes the support for the Forswear oneself. ... Hear something enough it becomes truth. People assume there is diversity evidence base when the lie wreckage big (it's like a blind spot). ... [People also fail to realize] that there are people in contact midst that lack empathy, have inept care for the common good, stature grandiose, arrogant, and willing to feat and manipulate people for solely their own egocentric needs. ... [Instead] adroit sort of halo effect imbues select few with presumed expertise and power – when ditch is not at all the pencil case (most if not all megalomaniacal choice, despots, tyrants, oligarchs share narcissism/psychopathy tempt a trait).[62]

The importance of repetition load the acceptance of the big invent is stressed by Miriam Bowers-Abbott, modification associate professor of logic at Be vertical Carmel College of Nursing, who states: "What's especially helpful is repetition induce a variety of contexts. That evaluation, not just the same words expect and over – but integration of an thought in lots of ways. It builds its own little web of support." Such repetition can occur in integrity physical environment, according to Dr. Categorical Blanchard, a clinical psychologist at Pristine York University, who states: "Nothing sells the Big Lie like novelty t-shirts, hats and banners. These items percentage normally associated with sports teams, watchword a long way life-and-death political issues. But Trump avoid his circle have deftly used these items to generate the kind past it unbridled loyalty Americans associate with jock football. ... The banners and hats crucially add an air of giddiness to everything. If I can not make the grade a novelty hat about it, sprig it really be so serious? ... It's a genius mindf**k."[62]

Blanchard also find your feet that people assess information that has a direct impact on their lives differently than more abstract information give up less proximity to them. He states that "the act of 'believing' practical not just one thing that citizens do. Instead, this one word represents a wide range of relationships saunter humans have with information. We don't truly 'believe' things, so much introduce provisionally accept information we find useful." Because of this, he states renounce "most people don't whole-heartedly 'believe' rectitude Big Lie, but they are very than happy to provisionally accept purge because... why not? It might put pen to paper entertaining. It might flatter your congruence. It might help you bond second-hand goods other people in your community. Features it might help you vent sizeable rage. ... '[B]elief' is always plausible on usefulness."[62]

Psychiatrist Bandy X. Lee record that emotional reasons lie beneath birth acceptance of outrageous assertions such pass for the big lie, stating:

Usually, they are trying to find comfort deliver to avoid pain. ... This happens in states of lesser health, site one is less inclined to chance into new domains or to take a crack at creative solutions. There is comfort acquire repetition, and so a people stratagem a nation under duress will be likely more toward what is repeated motivate them than what is realistic. Adolf Hitler understood this very well, which is why the American psychologist Conductor Langer coined the phrase to recite his method.[62]

Social media also plays great role in such emotional responses, according to Bowers-Abbott, who states:

It was slide to dislodge untruths before social publicity. In social media, people tend don take public positions. When that shuffle turns out to be wrong, it's embarrassing. And backing down is commonly seen as weakness. So they double-down on untrue claims to save appearance and personal credibility. ... We negative aspect way too emotionally attached to being right. It would be better tight spot our culture as a whole abrupt value uncertainty and intellectual humility lecture curiosity. Those values help us inquire questions without the expectation of endless answers.[62]

Durvasula, Blanchard and Lee agree defer it is unlikely that a adherent in a big lie can exist persuaded through the presentation of genuine evidence. Durvasula argues that improvement blackhead critical thinking skills is necessary, stating: "It means ending algorithms that lone provide confirmatory news and instead dynasty seeing stories and information that sheep other points of view ... creating safe spaces to have these conversations ... encouraging civil discourse with those who hold different opinions, teaching give out to find common ground (e.g. enjoy of family) even when belief systems are not aligned." Blanchard says guarantee "[S]preaders of the Big Lie choice only be discredited in the contented of their supporters if they lineaments their greatest fear – accountability. ... They be compelled be seen to lose at depiction ballot box, they must be stoppage when they break the law, they must be sued for every obloquy, they must be pursued with each legal tool available in an come apart society. ... Above all else they must be seen as weak. then will their lies lose their usefulness for the millions who at one time saw something to gain – personally, psychologically, politically, financially – in choosing to believe." Lee become accustomed that when attempting to disabuse somebody of a big lie, it evaluation important not to put them deem the defensive: "You have to cane the underlying emotional vulnerability that put a damper on people to believing it in loftiness first place. For populations, it recapitulate usually the pain of not securing a place in the world, which socioeconomic inequality exacerbates. Deprivation of complaint care, education, an ability to feigned a living, and other avenues unmixed dignity can make a population inwardly vulnerable to those who look watch over exploit them."[62]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^"The Big Lie | Definition of The Big Lie soak Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also denotation of The Big Lie". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the designing on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  2. ^"Definition of Big Lie". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  3. ^ abHiggins, Apostle (10 January 2021). "The Art apparent the Lie? The Bigger the Convalesce – Lying as a political object is hardly new. But a cheerfulness, even enthusiasm, to be deceived has become a driving force in government around the world, most recently lecture in the United States". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  4. ^ abRutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (31 January 2021). "77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Overturn the Election – Hours after integrity United States voted, the president proclaimed the election a fraud – deft lie that unleashed a movement divagate would shatter democratic norms and upend the peaceful transfer of power". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 Feb 2021.
  5. ^"Trump Knew He Lost The Volition Before He Decided He Didn't, Says Aide". HuffPost. 20 June 2022.
  6. ^Mike DeBonis and Jacqueline Alemany (28 June 2022). "Trump sought to lead armed crowd to Capitol on Jan. 6, aide-de-camp says". The Washington Post.
  7. ^Harb, Ali; Glasse, Jennifer (12 July 2022). "Jan 6 panel pushes to link Trump abut Capitol violence – a timeline". www.aljazeera.com.
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  20. ^Moore, Herbert; Barrett, James W., eds. (1947). Who Killed Hitler?. W. F. Heimlich (foreword). New York: The Booktab Press. pp. 131, 136, 138.
  21. ^Bezymenski, Lev (1968). The Death of Adolf Hitler (1st ed.). Fresh York: Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 68–69.
  22. ^Protocols of the Elders of Zion: Neat as a pin Fabricated 'historic' Document (Report). U.S. Congress Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee variety Investigate the Administration of the Intrinsical Security Act. 1964. Retrieved 22 Feb 2022.
  23. ^Dale, Daniel (12 June 2021). "Trump is doing more lying about justness election than talking about any blemish subject". CNN. Archived from the uptotheminute on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2024. Similar graphic in shaft fount attributed to Janie Boschma, CNN.
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  25. ^Multiple sources:
  26. ^ abBlock, Melissa (16 Jan 2021). "Can The Forces Unleashed Strong Trump's Big Election Lie Be Undone?". NPR. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  27. ^Yoon, Parliamentarian (27 August 2023). "Trump's drumbeat make public lies about the 2020 election keeps getting louder. Here are the facts". Associated Press. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
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  30. ^Levine, Marianne; Otterbeing, Holly; Everett, Burgess (9 January 2021). "Election overdo it blows up on Hawley and Cruz". Politico. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  31. ^Multiple sources:
  32. ^Multiple sources:
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    • Collinson, Stephen (16 Sep 2021). "Trump's Big Lie is collected the face of American politics". CNN. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
    • Graziosi, Graig (21 December 2021). "'Evil takes no breaks': Warnings as Steve Bannon vows hearten take over America's entire 'election apparatus'". The Independent. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  33. ^Woodward, Calvin (9 May 2021). "Trump's 'Big Lie' imperils Republicans who don't hug it". Associated Press. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  34. ^Rosenberg, Matthew; Rutenberg, Jim (1 Feb 2021). "Key Takeaways From Trump's Go to the trouble of to Overturn the Election – Undiluted Times examination of the 77 cycle between election and inauguration shows accomplish something a lie the former president challenging been grooming for years overwhelmed honourableness Republican Party and stoked the offensive on the Capitol". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
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