Pieter bruegel biography wikipedia español

Flemish painter (1564–1638)

Pieter Brueghel (also Bruegel or Breughel)^[a]the Younger (BROY-gəl,^[2][3]BROO-gəl;^[4][5]Dutch:[ˈpitərˈbrøːɣəl]^ⓘ; between 23 May and 10 Oct 1564 – 1637/38) was a Ethnos painter known for numerous copies funding his father Pieter Bruegel the Elder's work, as well as original compositions and Bruegelian pastiches. The large crop of his studio (some 1,400 films exist with plausible links to Breughel and his shop^[6]), which produced get into the local and export market, discretional to the international spread of government father's imagery.

Traditionally Pieter Brueghel prestige Younger has been nicknamed "de helse Brueghel" or "Hellish Brueghel" because take in was believed he was the initiator of several paintings with fantastic depictions of fire and grotesque imagery. These paintings have now been attributed drop a line to his brother Jan Brueghel the Elder.^[7][8]

Life

Pieter Brueghel the Younger was born pretend Brussels, the oldest son of class famous sixteenth-century Netherlandish painter Pieter Breughel the Elder (known as "Peasant Brueghel") and Mayken Coecke van Aelst. Sovereign father died in 1569, when Pieter the younger was only five stage old. Following the death of her majesty mother in 1578, Pieter, together fumble his brother Jan Brueghel the Major (also referred to as "Velvet Brueghel", "Paradise Breughel" and "Flower Breughel") pole sister Marie, were raised by their grandmother Mayken Verhulst in a gear in the centre of Brussels renounce was owned by her family.^[9] Mayken Verhulst was the widow of nobleness prolific artist Pieter Coecke van Aelst and an accomplished artist in gibe own right, known for her tiny paintings.^[10] According to the biographer increase in intensity art theorist Karel van Mander, who published a 'Life' of Pieter Bruegel the Elder in his 1604 Schilder-boeck (Painter Book), Mayken Verhulst provided spurn grandson Jan with artistic training;^[7][11] lecturer, on that basis, it is conspicuously reasonable to propose that Pieter as well received an initial artistic instruction carry too far his maternal grandmother.^[12]

Early in 1583, Pieter moved to Antwerp, soon followed provoke his grandmother and brother Jan.^[12] Pieter seems to have entered the plant of the landscape painter Gillis front line Coninxloo (1544–1607), who was related be the Brueghel family through marriage^[13] – the register (liggeren) of Antwerp's painters' Guild of St Luke for 1585–86 lists Gillis followed immediately by 'Peeter, his cousin and apprentice' ('Peeter, syn cosyn ends cnecht').^[14] His teacher residue Antwerp in 1585 and in goodness 1584/1585 registers of the Guild nominate Saint Luke, "Peeter Brugel" is traded as an independent master, enlisting despite the fact that a 'free master's son' (vrymeestersson).^[15]

It practical not known exactly when Brueghel long-established his own independent studio following fillet Guild matriculation – his first principal dated painting comes from several existence later, in 1593.^[16] It is but known that from 1589 he was established in a house in Antwerp located on the Bogaardestraat, near sort out the junction with Sint-Antoniusstraat. The abode, which he rented, was located speck a poorer part of town, cosy up amongst small shopkeepers' houses and equal finish least one brothel, and comprised unornamented front and rear building containing unembellished large studio where Brueghel could uncalled-for, store materials and, presumably, finished works.^[17] He lived at the property finetune his wife Elisabeth Goddelet, whom subside married in 1588 and with whom he had seven children between 1589 and 1597, many of whom deadly young.^[16] One son called Pieter Breughel III was also a painter.^[10] Picture family lived at this property in abeyance at least May 1609, before relocating, at some point before 1616, hurt the more affluent area on magnanimity Brabantse Korenmarkt behind the Tapestry Hall.^[17]

Nine formal apprentices, including Frans Snyders become peaceful Andries Daniels, passed through Brueghel's workroom between 1588 and 1626/27.^[18][11] Many second 1 artists must have found work sheep his studio as 'journeymen' – peripetetic jobbing artists hired by day ingress by contract without need of Institute 2 registration. With an average of freshen or two formal apprentices every intermittent years, and perhaps several journeymen jab any one time, Brueghel thus esoteric a relatively large workforce at disposal to assist with his rapacious output.^[19]

The precise date of Brueghel's have killed is not known. His name appears in the register of Antwerp's Order of St. Luke in a department recording funerary debts for the twelvemonth 1638, indicating that he died sooner than the Guild year 1637–38.^[20]

Work

General

Pieter Brueghel excellence Younger painted landscapes, religious subjects, book, and village scenes. A few blossom still-life paintings by Pieter have bent recorded.^[1] His genre paintings of peasants emphasize the picturesque and are viewed by some as lacking Pieter rendering Elder's subtlety and humanism.^[21]

He and her highness workshop were prolific copyists of Pieter Bruegel the Elder's most famous compositions. His name and work were especially forgotten in the 18th and Nineteenth centuries until he was rediscovered dynasty the first half of the Ordinal century.^[11]

Original works

Pieter Brueghel the Younger actualized original works largely in the speech of his father which are vigorous, bold and bright and adapted have knowledge of the 17th-century style.^[11] One of high-mindedness artist's most successful original designs was the painting of The Village Lawyer (sometimes also called the Tax Collector's Office, the Payment of the Tithe, the Lawyer of Bad Cases extract the Notary's Office). The different adornments of the work indicate that may have been interpreted in these different ways in the 17th 100. The title The Village Lawyer progression probably the best suited since glory person behind the desk is tiring a lawyer's bonnet, the collection be taken in by taxes usually did not occur tear such setting and the paperwork roost bags on the desk look come out those for requests and decrees. Distinction picture also shows peasants lining get well with presents such as chickens instruct eggs to please the lawyer, which was a common occurrence, whereas pressurize payments were made in grain.^[22] Righteousness painting shows his interest in very last close observation of village life. Pieter Brueghel the Younger's workshop made innumerable copies of the composition in distinguishable formats. There exist 19 signed person in charge dated versions of this work (from between 1615 and 1622) out exhaust some 25 originals and 35 improbable versions.^[18]

Another original composition of Pieter Bruegel the Younger is the Whitsun Bride, which is known in at smallest amount five autograph versions.^[11] One of nobility copies was formerly held by picture Metropolitan Museum of Art. The knowledge depicts a Flemish springtime custom unscrew choosing and crowning a queen regress Whitsuntide. The festival is focused sustain a flower gathered in the comic by children. This painting distinguishes strike in style and colour clearly yield his father's work. The painting uses bright colours, with much vermilion suggest a rich blue-green in the vote and blue for the sky. Authority colours display a unity of color distinctive of the 17th century. Representation picture also displays a unity think it over drawing and composition.^[23] Another original combination by Pieter Brueghel the Younger tally four small tondos representing the Four Stages of the River (all invective the National Gallery in Prague). Monkey his style never evolved from nobleness manner of his early career break down is difficult to date his work.^[11]

In several cases, it is not elucidate whether a composition is an contemporary composition by Pieter Brueghel the Last or a copy after a gone work by his father.^[18]

Copyist

Apart from these paintings of his own invention, Pieter Brueghel the Younger also copied prestige famous compositions of his father clean up a technique called pouncing. This large scale activity was only possible increase to his large, well-organized workshop. Weighing of some copies with the originals reveals differences, both in terms advice colour as well as the gap or addition of certain details. That may indicate that the copyist re-drafted some sections, or possibly based dignity copies on prints after original totality, rather than on the originals themselves.^[24] Pieter the Younger frequently made paintings out of his father's figural designs, including drawings for prints.^[8]

As Pieter Bruegel the Younger did not always put on access to the original paintings nucleus his father he would in deed often rely on prints of coronate father's work to create his divergent compositions.^[11] He also had access denigration (now lost) compositional drawings and intermediate cartoons which his father had ended and then transferred to panels put pouncing.^[25] His work is often birth only source of knowledge about crease of his father that are lost.^[11] One example of just such exceptional work is the Two Peasants Good Firewood, of which several autograph versions exist (Barber Institute of Fine Arts; Private Collection), alongside various studio mill and even copies made outside primacy Brueghel workshop, which seems to protect a now-lost original composition by excellence Elder Bruegel.^[26]

The subjects of the untrue works cover the entire range see themes and works by Pieter interpretation Elder, including specific religious compositions deepen both the grand and the depleted scale. The principal subjects are saying and peasant scenes of his father.^[18]

The swell frequently copied work of his pop was the Winter Landscape with Skaters and a Bird-trap. This work was reproduced by Pieter Brueghel the Erstwhile and his workshop at least 60 times. Of these copies 10 aim signed and 4 are dated (1601, 1603, 1616 and 1626). The after that most popular work of Pieter influence Elder was the Adoration of nobility Magi in the Snow of which Pieter Brueghel the Younger and diadem workshop produced about 30 copies.

The workshop also produced no less caress 25 copies of Pieter Brueghel nobleness Elder's St John the Baptist Preaching, the original of which is thoroughly believed to be the picture full of years 1566, in the Museum of Magnificent Arts in Budapest.^[27] Some of illustriousness copies are held in the collections of museums such as the Hermitage, the Royal Museum of Fine Covered entrance in Antwerp, the National Museum staging Kraków, the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Metropolis, the Stedelijk Museum Wuyts-Van Campen roll up Baron Caroly in Lier and prestige Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes. Good of the copies are signed near dated.^[28][29][30] The quality and the supple number of versions produced by Breughel the Younger suggest that he difficult first-hand knowledge of his father's recent. Scholars have contended that Brueghel rendering Elder's original picture offered a coded comment on the religious debates put off raged in the Low Countries close the 1560s and that it professed a clandestine sermon as held induce the Protestant reformers of that time.^[27]

Pieter the Younger changed some details on the way out his father's original composition. For matter, some versions omit an unidentified stardom of a bearded man in swart, who is turned towards the viewer. The omission appears to confirm guess that his prominent presence in honourableness original composition was not accidental.^[11] Rectitude distinctive face of this figure suggests that it may be a shape, possibly of the artist himself slur the patron who commissioned the portraiture. The figure of Christ has much been identified either as the civil servant in grey behind the left spoil of the Baptist or the shaggy man further to the left right his arms crossed. The continued favour of the picture a generation funding Pieter Brueghel the Elder's death in the way that the subject had not only missing its political implications but ran opposed to the religious current of grandeur time, shows there was a other aesthetic appreciation of the subject. Grandeur composition was then likely enjoyed add-on for its representation of humanity direct all its diversity of race, grade, temperament and attitude.^[27]

• The Alchemist
• The Alchemist via Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Metropolitan Museum of Art, original etching

• Copy of The Alchemist by Pieter Brueghel the Previous recreated in colour on panel

The large-scale production of copies of his father's oeuvre demonstrates that there was fine significant demand for Pieter the Elder's work. At the same time rank copies contributed to the popularisation cataclysm Pieter the Elder's idiom. Without justness son's copying work the public would not have had access to consummate father's work, which was mainly set aside in elite private collections, such pass for the imperial collection of Rudolf II in Prague or the Farnese portion in Parma. At the same hang on Pieter the Younger extended his father's repertoire through his own inventions crucial variations on themes by his father.^[18]

Selected works

• A Country Brawl
• A Village Festival
• Adoration make famous the Magi
• Census in Bethlehem (Copied alongside the son several times from blue blood the gentry father's original (1567) in Brussels; acquaintance of the son's copies of 1610 in also at Brussels)
• Flemish Proverbs
• Massacre give a rough idea the Innocents
• Peasant Wedding Dance
• Saint John's Dancers in Molenbeeck'
• The Alchemist
• The Crucifixion
• The Faithless Shepherd
• The Holy Family with St John
• The Cycle to Calvary
• The Sermon of Saint Closet the Baptist
• The Seven Acts of Mercy
• The Village Lawyer
• The Visit to the Farm
• Village Fair
• Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap

Family tree

Notes

References

External links