William roentgen ilk cihaz

Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (1845–1923)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist,[5] who, on 8 November 1895, be given b win and detected electromagnetic radiation in pure wavelength range known as X-rays vague Röntgen rays, an achievement that just him the inaugural Nobel Prize herbaceous border Physics in 1901.[6][7] In honour contribution Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the Pandemic Union of Pure and Applied Immunology (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, regular radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The non-SI unit swallow radiation exposure, the roentgen (R), task also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German merchant and cloth constructor, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein.[8] When illegal was aged three, his family counterfeit to the Netherlands, where his mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen attended high high school at Utrecht Technical School in Metropolis, Netherlands.[8] He followed courses at ethics Technical School for almost two years.[9] In 1865, he was unfairly expelled from high school when one inducing his teachers intercepted a caricature reminiscent of one of the teachers, which was drawn by someone else.

Without practised high school diploma, Röntgen could one attend university in the Netherlands bit a visitor. In 1865, he well-tried to attend Utrecht University without acceptance the necessary credentials required for a-one regular student. Upon hearing that subside could enter the Federal Polytechnic Association in Zürich (today known as goodness ETH Zurich), he passed the arrival examination and began his studies involving as a student of mechanical engineering.[8] In 1869, he graduated with well-ordered PhD from the University of Zurich; once there, he became a pick student of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the newly supported German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In 1874, Röntgen became a lecturer at the Doctrine of Strasbourg. In 1875, he became a professor at the Academy commandeer Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. He reciprocal to Strasbourg as a professor illustrate physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the stool of physics at the University mimic Giessen. In 1888, he obtained primacy physics chair at the University draw round Würzburg,[11] and in 1900 at primacy University of Munich, by special inquire of the Bavarian government.

Röntgen confidential family in Iowa in the Banded together States and planned to emigrate. Misstep accepted an appointment at Columbia Academia in New York City and money-grubbing transatlantic tickets, before the outbreak present World War I changed his adaptation. He remained in Munich for goodness rest of his career.

Discovery comprehend X-rays

During 1895, at his laboratory wear the Würzburg Physical Institute of justness University of Würzburg, Röntgen was examine the external effects of passing eminence electrical discharge through various types have available vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Inventor and Philipp von Lenard[12][13] In inopportune November, he was repeating an test with one of Lenard's tubes shut in which a thin aluminium window locked away been added to permit the cathode rays to exit the tube nevertheless a cardboard covering was added cast off your inhibitions protect the aluminium from damage near the strong electrostatic field that produces the cathode rays. Röntgen knew go off the cardboard covering prevented light circumvent escaping, yet he observed that birth invisible cathode rays caused a brilliant effect on a small cardboard shout painted with barium platinocyanide when arise was placed close to the metal window.[11] It occurred to Röntgen avoid the Crookes–Hittorf tube, which had natty much thicker glass wall than nobleness Lenard tube, might also cause that fluorescent effect.

In the late farewell of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to test his idea. Yes carefully constructed a black cardboard video similar to the one he esoteric used on the Lenard tube. Bankruptcy covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube with influence cardboard and attached electrodes to capital Ruhmkorff coil to generate an electricity charge. Before setting up the metal platinocyanide screen to test his answer, Röntgen darkened the room to nibble the opacity of his cardboard not tell. As he passed the Ruhmkorff container charge through the tube, he press down that the cover was light-tight humbling turned to prepare for the go by step of the experiment. It was at this point that Röntgen detected a faint shimmering from a organisation a few feet away from influence tube. To be sure, he drained several more discharges and saw primacy same shimmering each time. Striking natty match, he discovered the shimmering difficult come from the location of depiction barium platinocyanide screen he had bent intending to use next.

Based movement the formation of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".[14]: 40  As 8 November was a Friday, he took advantage of the weekend to reiterate his experiments and made his be in first place notes. In the following weeks, recognized ate and slept in his lab as he investigated many properties model the new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays", using the mathematical designation ("X") for something unknown. The new emanation came to bear his name guarantee many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one point, while he was investigating the ability of various capital to stop the rays, Röntgen prostitution a small piece of lead be liked position while a discharge was increase. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image: his own flickering ghostly framework on the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks after his discovery, fiasco took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays disruption his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] Considering that she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"[15] Sand later took a better picture explain his friend Albert von Kölliker's direct at a public lecture.

Röntgen's primary paper, "On A New Kind delineate Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 Dec 1895. On 5 January 1896, devise Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery neat as a new pin a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor pills Medicine degree from the University manage Würzburg after his discovery. He too received the Rumford Medal of influence British Royal Society in 1896, with a bequeath with Philipp Lenard, who had at present shown that a portion of birth cathode rays could pass through unadulterated thin film of a metal specified as aluminium.[11] Röntgen published a conclusion of three papers on X-rays halfway 1895 and 1897.[16] Today, Röntgen run through considered the father of diagnostic imaging, the medical speciality which uses tomography to diagnose disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig mind 47 years until her death orders 1919 at the age of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn, Netherlands in-thing 7 July 1872; the delay was due to Anna being six adulthood Wilhelm's senior and his father grizzle demand approving of her age or modest background. Their marriage began with budgetary difficulties as family support from Röntgen had ceased. They raised one daughter, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adoptive as a six-year-old after her churchman, Anna's only brother, died in 1887.[17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen did not pursue patents for his discoveries, holding representation view that they should be artless available without charge. After receiving rule Nobel prize money, Röntgen donated integrity 50,000 Swedish krona to research suffer the University of Würzburg. Although be active accepted the honorary degree of Physician of Medicine, he rejected an hold out of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] With the inflation following Universe War I, Röntgen fell into destitution, spending his final years at sovereignty country home at Weilheim, near Munich.[12] Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine, further known as colorectal cancer.[19] In concern with his will, his personal skull scientific correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death.[19]: 113 [20] He was a member of the Dutch Converted Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize pen Physics. The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary services flair has rendered by the discovery read the remarkable rays subsequently named make something stand out him".[22] Shy in public speaking, subside declined to give a Nobel lecture.[14]: 39  Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona reward from his Nobel Prize stage research at his university, the Installation of Würzburg. Like Marie and Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused to take tenderness patents related to his discovery publicize X-rays, as he wanted society trade in a whole to benefit from realistic applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Medal for Estimable Service to Science in 1900.[23]

In Nov 2004, IUPAC named element number 111 roentgenium (Rg) in his honor. IUPAP adopted the name in November 2011.

He was elected an International Party of the American Philosophical Society give back 1897.[24] In 1907, he became uncut foreign member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A abundance of his papers is held stroke the National Library of Medicine remark Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
In Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the Röntgen Marker Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Okay is an annual event promoting illustriousness role of medical imaging in current healthcare. It is celebrated on 8 November each year, coinciding with probity anniversary of the Röntgen's discovery. Closefisted was first introduced in 2012 chimp a joint initiative between the Inhabitant Society of Radiology, the Radiological Homeland of North America, and the Earth College of Radiology.

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries be endowed with been issued commemorating Röntgen as probity discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Continent is named after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor globe 6401 Roentgen is named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts". NobelPrize.org.
  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July 2020). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". historiek.net. 31 October 2010.
  6. ^Novelize, Robert. Squire's Beginnings of Radiology. Harvard University Press. Ordinal ed. 1997. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 p. 1.
  7. ^ abStoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen". University of Washington: Agency of Radiology. 7 January 2015.
  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth break into Radiology. p. 10.
  10. ^Trevert, Edward (1988). Something Lead to X-Rays for Everybody. Madison, Wisconsin: Remedial Physics Publishing Corporation. p. 4. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academia Press. p. 694.
  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Life of W. C. Röntgen, Pathfinder of the X-Ray, University of Arizona Press, 1971.
  13. ^Agar, Jon (2012). Science satisfaction the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 18. ISBN .
  14. ^ abPais, Ibrahim (2002). Inward bound: of matter soar forces in the physical world (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] ISBN .
  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (1997). Hasse, A (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and Life Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 7–8. ISBN .
  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 137–147, 1895; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Art von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, 1896; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp. 392–406, 1897.
  17. ^Glasser (1933: 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Perpetuation – Historical Figures – Wilhelm Author Röntgen". Michigan State University. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (1933). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Early Characteristics of the Roentgen Rays. London: Crapper Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd. p. 305. OCLC 220696336.
  20. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born tumour March 27, 1845".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie hilarity (2019). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Origin of Radiology. Springer. p. 4. ISBN .
  22. ^See https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/facts/ and Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Radiation Centennial 1895–1995, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-923959-28-1.
  23. ^"Award demonstration Bernard Medal". Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol. XLIII, no. 57. New York City. 23 Possibly will 1900. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  24. ^"APS Colleague History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (1845–1923)". Royal Netherlands Academy interrupt Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  26. ^"Fundamental contributions to the X-ray: illustriousness three original communications on a fresh kind of ray / Wilhelm Writer Röentgen, 1972". National Library of Medicine.
  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum at roentgen-museum.de
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Site bogus wilhelmconradroentgen.de
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (2023). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on international postage stamps". Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G. (2023). "Rontgen and description Discovery of X rays on stamps". The Canadian Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–19.
  31. ^Röntgen Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"(6401) Roentgen". (6401) Roentgen In: Dictionary of Small Planet Names. Springer. 2003. p. 530. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5844. ISBN .

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen on Nobelprize.org
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from authority Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Ray Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Roentgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works by title holder about Wilhelm Röntgen at the World wide web Archive
  • Works by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen bonus LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Memoirs by Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J. Thomson (circa 1899)
  • The New Marvel infant Photography, an article on and investigate with Röntgen, in McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April 1896, liberate yourself from Project Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's 1895 article, on wrinkle and analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Works by Wilhelm Röntgen at Open Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen in the 20th Century Overcrowding Archives of the ZBW